AEA Astronomy Club
Newsletter October
2015
Contents
AEA Astronomy Club News & Calendar p.1
Video(s) & Picture(s) of the Month p. 4
Astronomy News p. 9
General Calendar p.12
Colloquia, lectures, mtgs. p. 12
Observing p. 14
Useful Links p. 16
About the Club p. 17
Club News & Calendar.
Club Calendar
AEA Astronomy Club News & Calendar p.1
Video(s) & Picture(s) of the Month p. 4
Astronomy News p. 9
General Calendar p.12
Colloquia, lectures, mtgs. p. 12
Observing p. 14
Useful Links p. 16
About the Club p. 17
Club News & Calendar.
Club Calendar
Club Meeting Schedule:
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1 October
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AEA Astronomy
Club Meeting
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Pizza party & Mt. Wilson Photos
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D8/2340
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AEA
Astronomy Club meetings are now on 1st Thursdays at 11:45am. For all of (except Aug. 6) 2015, the meeting
room is A1/1735.
Club
News:
Here’s the Orbiter &
Facebook story submitted by our club member & Aerospace photographer, Walt
Sturrock:
posted September 28, 2015
Docent Tim Thompson explains one of the Mt. Wilson
telescopes to Astronomy Club members. (Photo: Walt Sturrock)
The
AEA Astronomy Club recently took a tour of more than 100 years of history and
technology at Mt. Wilson Observatory.
The
club started its Sept. 18 visit at the Mt. Wilson Aerospace Facility for
Integrated Optical Tests (MAFIOT), where they were treated to a behind-the-
scenes tour by Dr. Renny Fields and Petras Karuza.
Afterward,
club members saw historic telescopes and learned about landmark discoveries
made at the Mt. Wilson Observatory on a tour led by veteran docent Tim Tompson.
Highlights included the first dedicated solar telescope, the 60” Hale
telescope, the 100” telescope, and discoveries made there such as the real
nature of sunspots, the composition of the Milky Way galaxy, and the size and
expansion of the universe.
After
sunset the club spent a good part of the night using the massive 100” telescope
to view and photograph a multitude of astronomical phemomena, such as galaxies,
nebula, asteroids, planets, and star clusters.
More of Walt’s
photos were posted to the Aerospace Facebook page:
And here’s one I took thru the scope w. the new club DSLR -- of the spiral galaxy NGC 7331 in Pegasus. APOD
description: "Big, beautiful spiral galaxy NGC 7331 is often touted as an
analog to our own Milky Way. About 50 million light-years distant in the
northern constellation Pegasus, NGC 7331 was recognized early on as a spiral nebula
and is actually one of the brighter galaxies not included in Charles Messier's
famous 18th century catalog. Since the galaxy's disk is inclined to our
line-of-sight, long telescopic exposures often result in an image that evokes a
strong sense of depth." You can see the dust band on the right. 30 second
exposure. The sidereal drive is not perfect, obviously. Could do better guiding
on a star & w. longer exposures, but had to balance photography w. letting
18 people observe visually.
From Jim Edwards:
Congratulate me, boys! My astrometric submissions have been
deigned of sufficient number and quality to justify the granting of my own
Observatory Code by the Minor Planet Center: U73. I'm so proud...
I
thought you all might be interested in the result from my first spectrographic
efforts from a couple nights ago. Plz keep in mind that this first
go-around was intended just to get me oriented and check out the new
hardware, notto generate amazing results. My image chain was
very certainly not configured optimally for this work, due primarily to the
focal reducer I have in place which speeds my system up from f/10 down to a
svelte f/4.3 (which is desirable for the astrometric and photometric tinkerings
that I usually do).
This
said, the image was captured employing the Aerospace Astronomy Club's new
SA-100 spectral grating "filter" and processed with its new RSpec
software (together very reasonably priced at $300'ish for
introductory level capabilities (remember, "the skill of the swordsman is
more important than the nature of the sword")). Its highly
recommended to target a Type-A star for the first go around because their
spectrum is very simple with prominent hydrogen emissions (visible light Balmer
series lines). The tutorials and examples used Vega (the brightest of
them all) so I did the same. Vega, however, was non-optimally low in the
sky at 44° so there was some degradation as a result. Still, for a first
attempt, the results were pleasing.
As seen in the attached JPG, the
Hydrogen-alpha, -beta, and -gamma lines are readily discernable. The
vertical blue lines are the true positions of these lines presented at the same
horizontal scale. Not too bad!
Future imaging of more interesting targets positioned near the zenith using hardware configured for spectrographic work and longer exposures and calibration are expected to generate much more detailed results. Fingers crossed!
Astronomy Video(s)
& Picture(s) of the Month
(from
Astronomy Picture of the Day, APOD: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/archivepix.html) 
A Plutonian
Landscape
Image Credit: NASA, Johns Hopkins Univ./APL, Southwest Research Institute
Explanation: This shadowy landscape of
majestic mountains and icy plains stretches toward the horizon of a small,
distant world. It was captured from a range of about 18,000 kilometers when New Horizons looked back toward Pluto,
15 minutes after the spacecraft's closest approach on July 14. The dramatic,
low-angle, near-twilight scene follows rugged
mountains still popularly known as Norgay Montes from foreground left, and
Hillary Montes along the horizon, giving way to smooth Sputnik Planum at
right. Layers of Pluto's tenuous atmosphere are also revealed in the backlit
view. With a strangely familiar appearance, the frigid terrain likely includes
ices of nitrogen and carbon monoxide with water-ice mountains rising up to
3,500 meters (11,000 feet). That's comparable in height to the majestic mountains of planet Earth.
This Plutonian landscape is 380 kilometers (230 miles) across.Image Credit: NASA, Johns Hopkins Univ./APL, Southwest Research Institute
Supermoon
Total Lunar Eclipse and Lightning Storm
Image Credit & Copyright: Jose Antonio Hervás
Explanation: What's more
rare than a supermoon total lunar eclipse? How about a supermoon total lunar
eclipse over a lightning storm. Such an electrifying sequence was captured
yesterday from Ibiza, an island in southeastern Spain. After planning the location for beauty, and the timing
to capture the entire eclipse sequence, the only thing that had to cooperate
for this astrophotographer to capture a memorable eclipse sequence was
the weather. What looked to be a bother on
the horizon, though, turned out to be a blessing. The composite picture features
over 200 digitally combined images from the same location over the course of a
night. The full moon is seen setting as it faded to red in Earth's shadow and then returned to
normal. The fortuitous lightning is seen reflected in the Mediterranean to the
right of the 400-meter tall rocky island of Es Vedra. Although the next total eclipse of a large and
bright supermoon will occur in 2033, the next total eclipse of
any full moon will occur in January 2018 and be best visible from
eastern Asia and Australia.Image Credit & Copyright: Jose Antonio Hervás
Global
Ocean Suspected on Saturn's Enceladus
Image Credit: Cassini Imaging Team, SSI, JPL, ESA, NASA
Explanation: Do some
surface features on Enceladus roll like a conveyor belt? A leading interpretation of images taken
of Saturn's most explosive moon indicate that they
do. This form of asymmetric tectonic activity, very unusual on Earth, likely holds clues
to the internal structure ofEnceladus, which may contain
subsurface seas where life might be
able to develop. Pictured above is
a composite of 28 images taken by the robotic Cassini spacecraft in
2008 just after swooping by the ice-spewing orb. Inspection of these images show clear tectonic displacements where
large portions of the surface all appear to move all in one direction. On
the image right appears one of the most prominent tectonic divides: Labtayt Sulci, a canyon about one kilometer deep. The
magnitude of Enceladus' wobble as it orbits Saturn might indicate damping by a
globally extendingunderground ocean layer.Image Credit: Cassini Imaging Team, SSI, JPL, ESA, NASA
The Flare
and the Galaxy
Image Credit & Copyright: Martin Mark
Explanation: Is this
person throwing a lightning bolt? No. Despite appearances, this person is
actually pointing in the direction of a bright Iridium flare, a momentary reflection of sunlight off of a communications satellite in
orbit around the Earth. As the Iridium satellite orbits,
reflective antennas became aligned between the observer and the Sun to create a flash brighter than any star in the
night sky. Iridium flares typically last
several seconds, longer than most meteors. Also unlike meteors, the flares are symmetric and predictable. The featured flare involved Iridium
satellite 15 and occurred over southern Estonia last week. In this well-planned image, a spectacular
night sky appears in the background, complete with the central band of our Milky Way Galaxy running
vertically up the image center.Image Credit & Copyright: Martin Mark
ISS Double
Transit
Image Credit & Copyright: Hartwig Luethen
Explanation: Not once,
but twice the International Space Station transits
the Sun on consecutive orbits of planet Earth in
this video frame composite. The scene was captured on August 22 from
a single well-chosen location in Schmalenbeck, Germany where the ISS created
intersecting shadow paths only around 7 kilometers wide. Crossing the solar
disk in a second or less, the transits themselves were separated in time by about
90 minutes, corresponding to the space station's orbital period. While the
large, flare-producing sunspot group below
center, AR 2403, remained a comfortable 150 million kilometers away, the
distance between camera and orbiting station was 656 kilometers for its first
(upper) transit and 915 kilometers for the second more central transit. In
sharp silhouette the ISS is noticeably larger in angular size during the
closer, first pass. Of course, tomorrow the Moon will transit the Sun. But even
at well-chosen locations, its dark, central shadow just misses the Earth's
surface creating a partial solar eclipse.Image Credit & Copyright: Hartwig Luethen
Astronomy
News:
NASA
Confirms Signs of Water Flowing on Mars, Possible Niches for Life
Scientists have for the first time
confirmed liquid water flowing
on the surface of present-day Mars,
a finding that will add to speculation that life, if it ever arose there, could
persist now.
“This is tremendously exciting,”
James L. Green, the director of NASA’s planetary science division, said during
a news conference on Monday. “We haven’t been able to answer the question,
‘Does life exist beyond Earth?’
But following the water is a critical element of that. We now have, I think,
great opportunities in the right locations on Mars to
thoroughly investigate that.”
That represents a shift in tone for NASA, where officials have repeatedly played
down the notion that the dusty and desolate landscape of Mars could be
inhabited today.
But now, John M. Grunsfeld, NASA’s
associate administrator for science, talked of sending a spacecraft in the
2020s to one of these regions, perhaps with experiments to directly look for
life.
Channels cut in the Martian
surface as shot by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter in 2011.CreditNASA/Reuters
Although Mars had rivers, lakes and maybe even an ocean a
few billion years ago, the modern moisture is modest — small patches of damp
soil, not pools of standing water.
In a paper published in the journal Nature Geoscience,
scientists identified waterlogged molecules — salts of a type known as
perchlorates — on the surface in readings from orbit.
“That’s a direct detection of water
in the form of hydration of salts,” said Alfred S. McEwen, a professor of
planetary geology at the University
of Arizona, the principal investigator of images from a
high-resolution camera on NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and
one of the authors of the new paper. “There pretty much has to have been liquid
water recently present to produce the hydrated salt.”
By “recently,” Dr. McEwen said he
meant “days, something of that order.”
Scientists have long known that
large amounts of water remain — but frozen solid in the polar ice caps. There
have been fleeting hints of recent liquid water, like fresh-looking gullies,
but none have proved convincing.
In 2011, Dr. McEwen and colleagues
discovered in photographs from the orbiter dark streaks descending along slopes of craters, canyons
and mountains. The streaks lengthened during summer, faded as
temperatures cooled, then reappeared the next year.
Streaks of
Flowing Water on Mars
They named the streaks recurring
slope lineae, or R.S.L.s, and many thousands of them have now been spotted.
“It’s really surprisingly extensive,” Dr. McEwen said.
Scientists suspected that water
played a critical role in the phenomenon, perhaps similar to the way concrete
darkens when wet and returns to its original color when dry.
But that was just an educated guess.
Lujendra Ojha, a graduate student at
the Georgia Institute of Technology, turned to an
instrument on the orbiter that identifies types of molecules by which colors of
light they absorb. But this instrument, a spectrometer, is not as sharp as the
camera, making it hard to zoom in on readings from the narrow streaks, a few
yards across at most.
“We had to come up with new techniques and
novel ways to do analysis of the chemical signature,” said Mr. Ojha, the lead
author of the Nature Geoscience article.
The researchers were able to
identify the telltale sign of a hydrated salt at four locations. In addition,
the signs of the salt disappeared when the streaks faded. “It’s very definitive
there is some sort of liquid water,” Mr. Ojha said.
Photo
Dark
narrow streaks, up to a few hundred yards long, are seen along many slopes on
Mars including Garni Crater. The identification of waterlogged salts in
these streaks fits with the idea that they are formed by the underground flow
of briny water that wets the surface.CreditJet Propulsion Laboratory/University of Arizona/NASA
The perchlorate salts lower the
freezing temperature, and the water remains liquid. The average temperature of
Mars is about minus 70 degrees Fahrenheit, but summer days near the Equator can
reach an almost balmy 70.
Many mysteries remain. For one,
scientists do not know where the water is coming from.
“There are two basic origins for the
water: from above or from below,” Dr. McEwen said. The perchlorates could be
acting like a sponge, absorbing moisture out of the air, but measurements
indicate very low humidity on Mars — only enough for 10 microns, or about
1/2,500th of an inch, of rain across the planet if all of the wetness were
wrung out of the air.
That idea cannot be ruled out if the
lower part of the atmosphere turns out more humid than currently thought.
“We have very poor measurements of
relative humidity near the surface,” Dr. McEwen said.
The other possibility is underground
aquifers, frozen during winter, melting during summer and seeping to the
surface.
Liquid water is considered one of
the essential ingredients for life, and its presence raises the question of
whether Mars, which appears so dry and barren, could possess niches of
habitability for microbial Martians.
Christopher P. McKay, an astrobiologist
at NASA’s Ames Research Center in Mountain View, Calif., does not think the
recurring slope lineae are a promising place to look. For the water to be
liquid, it must be so salty that nothing could live there, he said. “The short
answer for habitability is it means nothing,” he said.
He pointed to Don Juan Pond in
Antarctica, which remains liquid year round in subzero temperatures because of
high concentrations of calcium chloride salt. “You fly over it, and it looks
like a beautiful swimming pool,” Dr. McKay said. “But the water has got
nothing.”
Others are not so certain. David E.
Stillman, a scientist at the Southwest Research Institute’s space studies
department in Boulder, Colo., said water for the streaks might be different in
different regions. In some, they form only during the warmest times, suggesting
that those waters might not be too salty for microbes.
“If it was too salty, they would be
flowing year round,” Dr. Stillman said. “We might be in that Goldilocks zone.”
Even though recurring slope lineae
appear to be some of the most intriguing features on Mars, NASA has no plans to
get a close-up look anytime soon.
They are treated as special regions
that NASA’s current robotic explorers are barred from because the rovers were
not thoroughly sterilized, and NASA worries that they might be carrying
microbial hitchhikers from Earththat
could contaminate Mars.
Of the spacecraft NASA has sent to
Mars, only the two Viking landers in 1976 were
baked to temperatures hot enough to kill Earth microbes. NASA’s next Mars rover,
scheduled to launch in 2020, will be no cleaner. Sterilizing spacecraft, which
requires electronics and systems that can withstand the heat of baking, adds to
the cost and complicates the design.
In selecting the landing site for
the 2020 rover, the space agency is ruling out places that might be habitable,
including those with recurring slope lineae.
That prohibition may continue even
though two candidate streaks have been identified on the mountain in Gale
Crater that NASA’s Curiosity rover
is now exploring, a mile or two from its planned path.
NASA and the Curiosity team could
decide to approach the streaks without driving onto them, or to simply observe
from a distance. The rover is still probably a couple of years away.
NASA officials did not reject the
possibility of a detour, although they said it would require analysis and
debate.
In an interview after the news
conference, Dr. Green of NASA said that if the streaks in Gale Crater turned
out to be recurring slope lineae, the space agency would consider how great a
contamination threat Curiosity, irradiated by ultraviolet light for several
years, might pose to a potential Martian habitat.
“If we can go within 20 meters, we
can zap it with a laser,” Dr. Green said, referring to an instrument that
identifies material inside a rock by the colors of light it emits as it is
vaporized. “Then we can learn much more about the details what’s in those
R.S.L.s. If we can get closer and actually scoop it up, that would be even
better.”
General
Calendar:
Colloquia, Lectures, Seminars, Meetings, Open Houses & Tours:
Colloquia, Lectures, Seminars, Meetings, Open Houses & Tours:
Colloquia: Carnegie (Tues.
4pm), UCLA, Caltech (Wed. 4pm), IPAC (Wed. 12:15pm) & other Pasadena (daily
12-4pm): http://obs.carnegiescience.edu/seminars/
Carnegie
astronomy lectures
– only 4 per year in the Spring www.obs.carnegiescience.edu. Visit www.huntington.org for directions. For more
information about the Carnegie Observatories or this lecture series, please
contact Reed Haynie. . Click
here for more information.
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1 October
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AEA Astronomy
Club Meeting
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Pizza party & Mt. Wilson Photos
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D8/2340
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2 Oct
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Friday Night 7:30PM SBAS Monthly General Meeting
in the Planetarium at El Camino College (16007 Crenshaw
Bl. In Torrance)
Friday
Night 7:30PM Monthly General Meeting
Topic: “The
Spitzer Space Telescope” Varoujan Gorjian
Speaker:
Varoujan Gorjian
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LAAS
LAAS General Meeting.
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Griffith
Observatory
Event Horizon Theater 8:00 PM to 10:00 PM |
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October 8
& 9 The von Kármán Lecture
Series: 2015
Unveiling an Alien World: Dawn at Ceres
Prior to Dawn's arrival, the
dwarf planet Ceres was the largest unexplored world in the inner solar system.
Ceres was discovered in 1801, the first object identified at a time when many
were searching for a 'missing' planet between Mars and Jupiter. Initially Ceres
was believed to be this 'missing planet' but once it was determined that there
were many objects forming a 'belt', Ceres was demoted from planet to minor
planet, then to asteroid 1 Ceres. The IAU reclassified Ceres as a dwarf planet
in 2006. Regardless of its classification, the nearly 1000-km-diameter Ceres is
an intriguing planetary body thought to have formed within the first few
million years of formation of our solar system. Ceres is roughly 30% water by
mass as evidenced by its density and consistent with its shape. The water
likely formed a subsurface ocean early in Ceres' history, but now is mostly an
ice mantle that lies near its surface. The surface of Ceres is warm compared to
the icy moons of Jupiter and Saturn, and this would have enabled convection
within the ice and ocean shell, allowing transport of heat and material between
the warm rocky interior and the surface. Recently, the Herschel Space
Observatory observed water vapor coming from Ceres that appeared to be
localized to certain longitudes. These observations, together with previous
Hubble Space Telescope and other ground-based observations, tell us that Ceres
is a unique object, straddling the boundary between the rocky bodies of the
inner solar system, and the ice- and water-rich moons of the outer solar
system, and that Ceres has a similar astrobiological potential as those other
icy moons. Having completed its comprehensive investigation of protoplanet
Vesta in September of 2012, the Dawn spacecraft travelled to Ceres, reaching it
early in 2015 to finally pull back the veil on this mysterious world.
Highlights from the first science orbits will be presented.
Speaker:
Dr. Carol Raymond, DAWN Deputy Principal Investigator, JPL
Dr. Carol Raymond, DAWN Deputy Principal Investigator, JPL
Webcast:
Click here to watch the event live on Ustream (or archived after the event)
Click here to watch the event live on Ustream (or archived after the event)
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Locations:
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Thursday, Oct. 8, 2015, 7pm
The von Kármán Auditorium at JPL 4800 Oak Grove Drive Pasadena, CA › Directions Friday, Oct. 9, 2015, 7pm The Vosloh Forum at Pasadena City College 1570 East Colorado Blvd. Pasadena, CA › Directions |
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Webcast:
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We offer two
options to view the live streaming of our webcast on Thursday: › 1) Ustream with real-time web chat to take public questions. › 2) Flash Player with open captioning If you don't have Flash Player, you can download for free here. |
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Oct. 10-11, 9am-4pm.
NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, invites the
public to our annual Open House on October
10-11, 2015. The event takes visitors on a “ride” through the wonders of space.
Highlights include a life-size model of the Curiosity Mars rover;
demonstrations from numerous space missions; JPL’s machine shop, where robotic
spacecraft parts are built; and the Microdevices Lab, where engineers and
scientists use tiny technology to revolutionize space exploration.
The event and parking are free. No tickets or formal RSVP required. We recommend coming early for the best parking and shortest lines.
The event and parking are free. No tickets or formal RSVP required. We recommend coming early for the best parking and shortest lines.
Observing:
The
following data are from the 2015 Observer’s Handbook, and Sky & Telescope’s
2015 Skygazer’s Almanac & monthly Sky at a Glance.
Current
sun & moon rise/set/phase data for L.A.:
http://www.timeanddate.com/astronomy/usa/los-angeles
Sun,
Moon & Planets for October:
Moon: Oct 4 last quarter, Oct
12 new, Oct 20 1st quarter, Oct 27 full
Planets:
Saturn
is in the SW for a couple
hours after sunset. Mercury, Venus, Mars
& Jupiter
rise and are visible in the East a few hours before
sunrise.
Other
Events:
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3 Oct
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SBAS
Saturday Night In Town Dark Sky Observing Session at Ridgecrest Middle School– 28915 North Bay Rd. RPV, Weather
Permitting: Please contact Greg Benecke to confirm that the gate will be
opened! http://www.sbastro.net/
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9 October Draconids
Meteor Shower Peak The maximum rate typically reaches 1-2 per hour, but
outbursts of hundreds or thousands per hour occurred several times during the
20th century.
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10 Oct
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SBAS
out-of-town Dark Sky observing – contact Greg Benecke to coordinate a
location. http://www.sbastro.net/.
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11 October Uranus at
Opposition & Mercury 0.9deg N of
Moon
16 October Mercury at
Greatest Western Elongation
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7,14,21,28 Oct
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LAAS
The Garvey Ranch Observatory is open to the public every
Wednesday evening from 7:30 PM to 10 PM. Go into the dome to use the 8 Inch
Refractor or observe through one of our telescopes on the lawn. Visit our
workshop to learn how you can build your own telescope, grind your own
mirror, or sign up for our free seasonal astronomy classes.
Call 213-673-7355 for further information.
Time: 7:30
PM - 10:00 PM
Location: Garvey
Ranch Obs. , 781 Orange Ave., Monterey Park, CA 91755
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17 Oct
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LAAS
Public Star Party: Griffith Observatory Grounds 2-10pm
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17 October Mars
Passes 0.4 Degrees from Jupiter Look to the eastern sky before dawn to see
these two planets close together.
21 October Orionids
Meter Shower Peak Observers in the Northern Hemisphere will see around 20
meteors per hour at maximum, while observers in the Southern Hemisphere will
see around 40 meteors per hour.
25 October Venus
Passes 1.0 Degree From Jupiter, (& Mars 3 deg below them). Look for
these two bright planets in the eastern sky before sunrise.
26 October Venus
greatest elongation W (46 deg)
Internet
Links:
Telescope, Binocular & Accessory Buying
Guides
General
About the
Club
Club Websites: Internal (Aerospace): https://aeropedia.aero.org/aeropedia/index.php/Astronomy_Club It is updated to reflect this newsletter, in addition to a listing of past club mtg. presentations, astronomy news, photos & events from prior newsletters, club equipment, membership & constitution. We have linked some presentation materials from past mtgs. Our club newsletters are also being posted to an external blog, “An Astronomical View” http://astronomicalview.blogspot.com/.
Club Websites: Internal (Aerospace): https://aeropedia.aero.org/aeropedia/index.php/Astronomy_Club It is updated to reflect this newsletter, in addition to a listing of past club mtg. presentations, astronomy news, photos & events from prior newsletters, club equipment, membership & constitution. We have linked some presentation materials from past mtgs. Our club newsletters are also being posted to an external blog, “An Astronomical View” http://astronomicalview.blogspot.com/.
Membership. For information, current dues & application, contact Alan Olson, or see the club website (or Aerolink folder) where a form is also available (go to the membership link/folder & look at the bottom). Benefits will include use of club telescope(s) & library/software, membership in The Astronomical League, discounts on Sky & Telescope magazine and Observer’s Handbook, field trips, great programs, having a say in club activities, acquisitions & elections, etc.
Committee Suggestions & Volunteers. Feel free to contact: Mark Clayson, President & Program Committee Chairman (& acting club VP), TBD Activities Committee Chairman (& club Secretary), or Alan Olson, Resource Committee Chairman (over equipment & library, and club Treasurer).
Mark Clayson,
AEA Astronomy Club President
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